The shredding activity of gammarids facilitates the processing of organic matter by the subterranean amphipod Niphargus rhenorhodanensis

1. The functional feeding group approach has been widely used to describe the community structure of benthic invertebrates in relation to organic matter resources. Based on this functional framework, positive interactions between feeding groups (especially shredders and collector‐gatherers) were postulated in the River Continuum Concept. However, relationships with organic matter have been poorly documented for invertebrates living in the hyporheic zone. 2. We hypothesised that the common subterranean amphipod Niphargus rhenorhodanensis would feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM), which is more abundant than coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) in hyporheic habitats, and should be favoured by the occurrence of shredders that produce FPOM from CPOM. 3. We used laboratory experiments to quantify leaf litter processing by N. rhenorhodanensis and a common shredder, the surface amphipod Gammarus roeselii. We estimated rates of feeding and assimilation (using nitrogen stable isotopes) of the two species separately and together to reveal any potential shredder–collector facilitation between them. 4. Measured leaf litter mass loss showed that N. rhenorhodanensis did not act as a shredder, unlike G. roeselii. Organic matter dynamics and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratios in tissues of niphargids indicated that N. rhenorhodanensis was a collector‐gatherer feeding preferentially on FPOM. We also found a positive influence of the gammarid shredders on the assimilation rate of N. rhenorhodanensis, which fed on FPOM produced by the shredders, supporting the hypothesis of a positive interaction between surface shredders and hyporheic collector‐gatherers.     

浊漳河主要污染物时空变化特征

通过对浊漳河流域 1996～ 2 0 0 0年 2 1个监测断面的枯水期 (5月 )、丰水期 (8月 )和平水期 (10月 )地表水采样分析 ,研究了其中主要污染物COD、BOD5、NH3 N、NO2 N和挥发酚的时空变化特征。结果表明 ,污染物浓度随季节变化特征较为复杂 ,但总体表现了枯水期 >平水期 >丰水期的总体特征。污染物沿程变化与各断面接纳不同来源的污染物有关。     

澜沧江下游/湄公河上游片断热带雨林物种多样性动态

 在澜沧江下游/湄公河上游的滇南西双版纳地区,通过样方法比较了热带雨林的连片与3个小片断的物种多样性变化趋势。与连续森林比较,片断热带雨林的植物物种丰富度和物种多样性指数都比较低,而且有相当低比例的大高位芽、中高位芽和附生等生活型植物,而藤本、小高位芽和矮高位芽等生活型植物的比例则较高;泛热带、热带亚洲至热带非洲的区系成分比例较高,而当地成分则减少;群落的上层树木比下层树木更加稳定。同样,动物的物种多样性指数和均衡度在片断热带雨林中都较低,与其密切相关的是片断热带雨林的环境质量,而不是片断的大小。此外,也探讨了片断热带雨林物种变化与森林小气候的关系,阐明了由凉湿向干暖转化的“林内效应”是其物种变化的重要原因之一。     

River forcing at work: ecological modeling of prograding and regressive deltas

Two explicit landscape simulation models were used to investigate habitat shifts in coastal Louisiana due to varying river forcing and sea level rise scenarios. Wetland conversion to open water and yearly shifts of marsh habitats in two contrasting estuarine regions were examined; the Atchafalaya delta which is a prograding delta area with strong riverine input, and the Barataria Basin is a regressive delta with high wetland loss which is isolated from riverine input. The models linked several modules dynamically across spatial and temporal scales. Both models consisted of a vertically integrated hydrodynamic model coupled with process-based biological modules of above and below ground primary productivity and soil dynamics. The models explored future effects of possible sea level rise and river diversion plans for 30 and 70-year projections starting in 1988. Results showed that increased river forcing had large land preservation impacts, and indicated that healthy functioning of the Mississippi Delta depends largely on inputs of freshwater, nutrients, and sediments in river water. These types of models are useful for research and as management tools for predicting the effects of regional impacts on structural landscape level changes.     

Scale and the detection of land-use effects on morphology, vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities of grassland streams

1. Land‐use studies are challenging because of the difficulty of finding catchments that can be used as replicates and because land‐use effects may be obscured by sources of variance acting over spatial scales smaller than the catchment. To determine the extent to which land‐use effects on stream ecosystems are scale dependent, we designed a whole‐catchment study of six matched pairs (pasture versus native tussock) of second‐order stream catchments, taking replicate samples from replicate bedforms (pools and riffles) in each stream. 2. Pasture streams had a smaller representation of endemic riparian plant species, particularly tussock grasses, higher bank erosion, a somewhat deeper layer of fine sediment, lower water velocities in riffles, less moss cover and higher macroinvertebrate biodiversity. At the bedform scale, suspendable inorganic sediment (SIS) was higher in pools than riffles and in pasture streams there was a negative relationship between SIS and the percentage of the bed free of overhanging vegetation. Differences between stream reaches (including any interactions between land use and stream pair) were significant for SIS, substrate depth and characteristics of riparian vegetation. There were also significant differences between replicate bedforms in the same stream reaches in percentage exotic species in overhanging vegetation, percentage moss cover, QMCI (Quantitative Macroinvertebrate Community Index – a macroinvertebrate‐based stream health index) and macroinvertebrate density. 3. Significant differences among stream reaches and among replicate bedform units within the same reach, as well as interactions between these spatial units and land‐use effects, are neither trivial nor ‘noise’ but represent real differences among spatial units that typically are unaccounted for in stream studies. Our multi‐scale study design, accompanied by an investigation of the explanatory power of different factors operating at different scales, provides an improved understanding of variability in nature.     

Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci for North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) and amplification in related Mustelids

In order to complement ecological research on native and reintroduced populations of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci that would permit us to evaluate population genetic structure and conduct fecal DNA analyses. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 14 and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.68. Preliminary screening revealed that primers were polymorphic in a subset of other Mustelids.     

有机物和重金属复合污染水体的修复植物筛选及修复性能

通过植物的采集、培育和选种,获得了海芋、合果芋、蜘蛛兰和密穗砖子苗等4种同时具备去碳、脱氮、除磷和积累重金属的高效修复植物,并对这些植物修复污染水体的性能进行了研究.结果表明,这4种植物均能有效地处理有机物和重金属复合污染水体.鲜重55-60g的植物,处理10LBOD₅、COD_Cr、TP、TN、Cu²⁺和Cr⁶⁺浓度分别为140、280、6,8、40、10和10mg·L^-1的模拟水样14d后,上述指标的去除率分别高达80%、72%、64%、53%、75%和68%以上,植物的促进作用分别为32%、27%、27%、28%、37%和19%以上.处理后水样的pH和DO分别为6.63～7.63和3.02～3.84mg·L^-1.     

铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中重金属的生物积累及其与重金属赋存形态的关系

以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为测试生物,采用28 d沉积物生物积累试验研究铜锈环棱螺对污染河流沉积物中重金属的生物积累,并探讨其与重金属赋存形态的关系.结果表明：铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏对Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和Mn均具有较强的积累作用.不同重金属的积累量存在较大差别,Zn的积累量最多,占重金属总积累量的84.32%±4.36%,其次为Cu,占7.67%±2.84%;Pb、Cr和Mn的比例相对较少,分别为3.62%±1.84%、2.22%±1.03%和1.33%±0.15%;Cd所占比例最少,为0.83%±0.53%.肝胰脏中重金属元素之间的相关性均不显著.肝胰脏金属污染指数与沉积物污染综合指数具有显著的正相关关系,铜锈环棱螺可以作为沉积物重金属污染的监测生物.不同沉积物Cd、Cr、Zn和Mn的生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）具有较大的差异,Cu和Pb的BSAF比较稳定.Cd的生物积累与沉积物中Cd的可交换的与酸可溶态及可氧化态显著相关;Pb的生物积累与Pb的可还原态显著相关;Cu的生物积累与Cu的可氧化态显著相关;Mn的生物积累与Mn的可交换的与酸可溶态和可还原态显著相关;Cr和Mn的生物积累与其不同形态和总量均不相关.BSAF不宜作为衡量铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中重金属生物积累能力的指标.     

川西亚高山红桦-岷江冷杉林优势种群的空间格局分析

以红桦-岷江冷杉林4 hm²样地调查数据为基础,采用点格局分析法O-ring函数,分析了红桦和岷江冷杉2个优势种群不同龄级的空间分布格局,以及各龄级间的种内和种间关联性.结果表明：红桦种群径级分布呈单峰型,为衰退种群;岷江冷杉种群径级分布呈倒“J”型,为进展种群.岷江冷杉与红桦大树在所有尺度上均为随机分布,其余龄级在小尺度上为聚集分布,随尺度增大趋于随机分布和均匀分布,最大聚集强度随龄级增大而减弱.空间关联主要发生在小尺度上.岷江冷杉种内关联以小尺度正关联为主,红桦种内关联以小尺度负关联为主.对于2个种群的相同龄级,小龄级、中龄级和大龄级间,分别以空间无关联、负关联和无关联为主.2个种群间不同龄级间以负关联为主,龄级相差越大,其负关联越强.     

珠江口南沙河涌浮游植物群落结构时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

随着城市生态健康理念的提出,城市河涌生态健康也受到了前所未有的关注。为更好的了解河涌的水环境和浮游植物现状,于2015年3月至2016年2月对珠江口南沙河涌8个站位水环境和浮游植物群落结构进行调查。结果显示:共发现浮游植物164种(属),隶属7门73属,其中以绿藻种类最多,达33属79种,占48.17%;硅藻次之,17属41种,占25%。优势种为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、假鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)。浮游植物细胞密度在0.19×10~6—101.34×10~6个/L内变动,呈现单峰型,在4月发生拟菱形弓形藻(Schroederia nitzschioides)水华,14涌密度高达87.38×10~6个/L,随后因强降雨细胞密度骤降。浮游植物群落的季节演替基本符合PEG(Plankton Ecology Group)模型,从冬季的硅藻,到春夏季的绿藻,再到秋季的蓝藻。One-way ANOVA分析显示,各月份浮游植物细胞密度差异显著(P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析表明绿藻细胞丰度变化主导着浮游植物总丰度的变化(r=0.454,P0.01)。运用Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数对水体进行评价表明,调查水体呈中度污染。相关加权营养状态指数表明,河涌全年处于富营养化状态。浮游植物聚类分析表明,时间异质性较高,总体相似性较低;空间上相似性较高,人为活动可能是导致空间差异的关键因子。冗余分析显示,叶绿素a、溶解氧、盐度、水温、总氮和p H与浮游植物群落结构关系最为密切。p H对硅藻门浮游植物影响较大,碱性条件适宜直链藻生长,春季水华形成的驱动因子是盐度、温度和总氮。